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Suggested Readings
READINGS ON ETHNOECOLOGY
Alcorn J.B. 1993. Indigenous peoples and conservation. Conservation Biology 7(2):424-426.
Atawodi S.E., Ameh D.A., Ibrahim S., Andrew J.N., Nzelibe H.C., Onyike E.O., Anigo K.M., Abu K.M., James D.B., Njoku G.C. & Sallau A.B. 2002. Indigenous knowledge system for treatment of trypanosomiasis in Kaduna state of Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(2):279-282.
Attwell C.A.M. & Cotterill F.P.D. 2000. Postmodernism and African conservation science. Biodiversity and Conservation 9:559-577.
Balick J.M. & Cox P.A. 1995. Ethnobotanical Research and Traditional Health Care in Developing Countries. In FAO. (ed.) Non Wood Forest Products 11. FAO, Rome.
Becker C.D. & Ghimire K. 2003. Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. Conservation Ecology 8(1): 1. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol8/iss1/art1
Berkes F. 1999. Sacred Ecology: Traditional ecological knowledge and resources management. Taylor & Francis, Philadephia, PA.
Burke B.E. 2001. Hardin revisited: A critical look at perception and the logic of the commons. Human Ecology 29(4):449-479.
Cox P.A. & Elmqvist T. 1991. Indigenous control of tropical rain-forest reserves: An alternative strategy for conservation. Ambio 20(7):317-321.
Cunningham A.B. 2001. Applied ethnobotany: People, wild plant use and conservation. People and Plants Conservation Manuals. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London & Sterling, VA.
Demirag U., Gottschligg P. & krohmer J. 2000. La perception de l’enviromement et les migrations chez les pasteurs peuls du Nigeria, Burkina Faso et Benin. Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs 268, Brand 14, Frankfurt a.M. :307-320.
Etkin N.L. 2002. Local knowledge of biotic diversity and its conservation in rural Hausaland, Northern Nigeria. Economic Botany 56(1):73-88.
Gadgil M. & Berkes F. 1991. Traditional resources management systems. Resource management and Optimization 8(3-4):127–141.
Gadgil M., Berkes F. & Folke C. 1993. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Ambio 22: 151-156.
Hardin G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243-1248.
Kristensen M. & Balslev H. 2003. Perceptions, use and availability of woody plants among the Gourounsi in Burkina Faso. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1715-1739.
Nabhan G.P.2000. Interspecific relationships affecting endangered species recognized by O’Odham and Comcaac cultures. Ecological Applications 10(5):1288-1295.
Oates J.F. 1995. The dangers of conservation by rural development – a case study from the forest of Nigeria. Oryx 29:115-122.
Petit S. & Mallet B. 2001. L’émondage d’arbre fourragers : détails d’une pratique pastorale. Bois et Foret des Tropiques 270(4) :35-45.
Redford H.K. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42(6):412-422.
Redford H.K. & Stearman A.M. 1993. Forest – dwelling native Amazonians and the conservation of biodiversity: Interests in common or collision? Conservation Biology 7(2):248-255
Redford H.K. & Stearman A.M. 1993. On the common ground? Response to Alcorn. Conservation Biology 7(2):427-428.
Redford H.K. & Sanderson S.E. 2000. Extracting humans from nature. Conservation Biology 14(5):1362-1364.
Roberts M., Norman W., Minhinnick N., Wihongi D. & Kirkwood C. 1995. Kaitiakitanga: Maori perspectives on conservation. Pacific Conservation Biology 2: 7-20.
Schwartzman S., Nepstad D. & Moreira A. 2000. Arguing tropical forest conservation: Peoples versus parks. Conservation Biology 14(5):1370-1374.
Scoones I. 1995. Living with uncertainty. SRP, Exeter, London.
Ticktin T. & Johns T. 2002. Chinanteco management of Aechmea magdalenae: implications for the use of TEK and TRM in management plans. Economic Botany 56(2): 177-191.
READINGS ON PLANT DEMOGRAPHY AND SUSTAINABLE HARVEST
Barot S., Gignoux J., Vuattoux R. & Legendre S. 2000. Demography of a savanna palm tree in Ivory Coast (Lamto): population persistence and life-history. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16:637-655.
Beissinger S.R. & Westphal M.I. 1998. On the use of demographic models of population viability in endangered species management. Journal of wildlife Management 62(3): 821-841.
Bell T.J., Bowles M.L. & McEachern A.K. 2003. Projecting the success of plant population restoration with viability analysis. In Birgham C.A. & Schwartz M.W.(eds) Population viability in plants. Ecological studies 165:313-348. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Bernal R. 1998. Demography of the vegetable ivory palm Phytelephas seemannii in Columbia, and the impact of seed harvesting. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:64-74.
Boyce M.S. 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:481-506.
Bullock S.H. 1980. Demography of an undergrowth palm in littoral Cameroon. Biotropica 12(4):247-255.
Burgman M.A., Ferson S. & Akcakaya H.R. 1993. Risk assessment in conservation biology. Chapman & Hall, London.
Burgman M. & Possingham H. 2000. Population viability analysis for conservation: the good, the bad and the undescribed. In Young A.G. & Clarke G.M. (eds) Genetics, demography and viability of fragmented populations. Pp:97-112. Cambridge University Press, London.
Caswell H. 2000. Prospective and retrospective perturbation analyses: their roles in conservation biology. Ecology 81(3): 619-627.
Caswell H. 2001. Matrix models: construction, analysis and interpretation. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
Caswell H. & Kaye T.N. 2001. Stochastic demography and conservation of an endangered perennial plant (Lomatium bradshawii) in a dynamic fire regime. Advances in Ecological Research 32:1-50.
Chapman C.A., Chapman L.J., Wangham R., Hunt K., Gebo D. & Gardner L. 1992. Estimators of fruit abundance of tropical trees. Biotropica 24(4):527-531.
Debroux L. 1998. L’aménagement des forets tropicales fondé sur la gestion des populations d’arbres: l’exemple du moabi (Baillonella toxisperma Pierre) dans la foret du Dja, Cameroun. Thèse de doctorat. Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux. Gembloux, Belgique.
De Kroon H., Van Groenendael J. & Ehrlen J. 2000. Elasticites: a review of methods and model limitations. Ecology 81(3):607-618.
Dinerstein E. 1986. Reproductive ecology of fruit bats and the seasonality of fruit production in a Costa Rican cloud forest. Biotropica 18:307-318.
Ehrlen J., Van Groenendael J. & de Kroon H. 2001. Reliability of elasticity analysis; Reply to Mills et al. Conservation Biology 15(1):278-280.
Ellner S.P., Fieberg J., Ludwig D. & Wilcox C. 2002. Precision of population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 16(1):258-261.
Eriksson A. & Eriksson O. 2000. Population dynamics of the perennial Plantago media in semi-natural grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:245-252.
Esparza-Olguin L., Valverde T. & Vilchis-Anaya E. 2002. Demographic analysis of a rare columnar cactus (Neobuxbaumia macrocephala) in the Tehuacan valley, Mexico. Biological Conservation 103:349-359.
Flores C.F. & Ashton P.M.S. 2000. Harvesting impact and economic value of Geonoma deversa, Arecaceae, an understory palm used for roof thatching in the Peruvian Amazon. Economic Botany 54(3):267-277.
Fong F.W. 1992. Perspectives for sustainable resource utilization and management of Nipa vegetation. Economic Botany 46(1) 45-54.
Fox J.J. 1977. Harvest of the palm – ecological change in eastern Indonesia. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Godoy R.A. & Bawa K.S.1993.The economic value and sustainable harvest of plants and animals from the tropical forest: assumptions, hypothesis, and methods. Economic Botany 47(3):215-219.
Guedje M.N., Lejoly J., Nkongmeneck B-A. & Jonkers W.B.J. 2003. Population dynamics of Garcinia lucida (Clusiaceae) in Cameroonian Atlantic forests. Forest Ecology and Management 177:231-241.
Gyimah A. 1987. Fungi associated with seeds of some forest tree of Ghana. Technical Bulletin of the Forest Products Research Institute - Ghana Forestry Commission. 7:14-27.
Hall P. & Bawa K. 1993. Methods to assess the impact of extraction of non-timber tropical forest products on plant populations. Economic Botany 47(3):234-247.
Horvitz C.C. & Schemske D.W. 1995. Spatiotemporal variation in demographic transitions of a tropical understory herb: projection matrix analysis. Ecological Monographs 65:155-192.
Kaye T.N., Pendergrass K.L., Finley K., Kauffman J.B. 2001. The effect of fire on the population viability of an endangered prairie plant. Ecological Application 11:1366-1380.
Kaye T.N. & Pyke D.A. 2003. The effect of stochastic technique on estimates of population viability from transition matrix models. Ecology 84(6):1464–1476.
Lefkovitch L.P. 1965. The study of population growth in organisms grouped by stages. Biometrics 21:1–18.
Leslie P.H. 1945. On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika 33:183-212.
McKean S.G. 2003. Toward sustainable use of palm leaves by a rural community in Kwazulu-natal, South Africa. Economic Botany 57(1):65–72.
Menges E.S.1986. Predicting the future of rare plant populations: demographic monitoring and modeling. Natural Areas Journal 6(3):13-25.
Menges E.S. 1990. Population viability analysis for an endangered plant. Conservation Biology 4(1):52-62.
Menges E.S. 1992. Stochastic modeling of extinction in plant populations. In Fielder P.L. & Jain S.K. (eds). Conservation biology: the theory and practice of nature conservation, preservation and management. Pp: 253-276. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Menges E.S. 1997. Evaluating extinction risks in plant populations. In Fielder P.L. & Kareiva P.M. (eds) Conservation biology for the coming decade. Pp: 49-65. Chapman & hall, New York.
Menges E.S. 2000. Population viability analysis in plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:51-56.
Menges E.S. 2003. Population viability: evolving tools for declining species. Conservation Biology 17(2):638-646.
Menges E.S. & Quintana-Ascencio P.F. 2003. Modeling the effects of disturbance, spatial variation and environmental heterogeneity on population viability of plants. In Birgham C.A. & Schwartz M.W. (eds.) Population viability in plants. Ecological Studies 165:289-311. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Mills S.L., Doak D.F. & Wisdom M.J. 1999. Reliability of conservation actions based on elasticity analysis of matrix models. Conservation Biology 13(4): 815-826.
Mills S.L., Doak D.F. & Wisdom M.J. 2001. Elasticity analysis for conservation decision making: Reply to Ehrlen et al. Conservation Biology 15(1):281-283.
Moloney K.A. 1986. A generalized algorithm for determining category size. Oecologia 69:179 – 180.
Murali K.S., Shankar U., Shaanker U.R, Ganeshaiah K.N. & Bawa K.S. 1996. Extraction of NTFPs in the Forests of Biligiri Rangan Hills, India. 2. Impact of NTFP extraction on regeneration, population structure, and species composition. Economic Botany 50(3):252-269.
Nantel P., Gagnon D. & Nault A. 1995. Population viability analysis of American Ginseng and wild Leek harvested in stochastic environments. Conservation Biology 10(2):608-621.
Nault A. & Gagnon D. 1993. Ramet demography of Allium tricoccum, a spring ephemeral, perennial forest herb. Journal of Ecology 81: 101-119.
Obot E.A., Oyatogun M. & Wari M. 1989. Response of woody vegetation of Nweri Grazing Reserve to utilization by nomadic livestock. Environmental Conservation 16(2):165-169.
O’Brien T.G. & Kinnaird M.F. 1996. Effect of harvest on leaf development of the Asian palm Livistona rotundifolia. Conservation Biology 10(1):53-58.
O’Connor T.G. 1993. The influence of rainfall and grazing on the demography of some African grasses: A matrix modeling approach. Journal of Applied Ecology 30(1)119-132.
Olmsted I. & Alvarez-Buylla E.R. 1995. Sustainable harvesting of tropical trees: demography and matrix models of two palm species in Mexico. Ecological Application 5(2):484-500.
Oostermeijer J.G.B., Burgman M.L., De Boer E.R. & Den Nijs H.C.M. 1996. Temporal and spatial variation in the demography of Gentiana pneumonanthe, a rare perennial herb. Journal of Ecology 84:153-166.
Oostermeijer J.G.B., Luijten S.H. & Den Nijs H.C.M. 2003. Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biological Conservation 113:389-398.
Paoli G.D., Peart D.R. et al. 2001. An ecological and economic assessment of the NTFP Gaharu wood in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. Conservation Biology 15(6) :1721-1732.
Peters C.M. 1999. Ecological research for sustainable non-wood forest product exploitation: an overview. In Sunderland T.C.H.,
Clark L.E. & Vantomme P. (eds). Non-wood forest products of Central Africa - Current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. FAO, Rome.Pp:19-35.
Pfab M.F. & Witkowski E.T.F. 2000. A simple population viability analysis of the critically endangered Euphorbia clivicola R.A. Dyer under four management scenarios. Biological Conservation 96: 263-270.
Pinard M. 1993. Impact of harvesting on populations of Iriartea deltoidea (Palmae) in an extractive reserve in Acre, Brazil. Biotropica 25(1): 2-14.
Quintana-Ascencio P.F., Menges E.S. & Weekley C.W. 2003. A fire-explicit population viability analysis of Hypericum cumulicola in Florida rosemary scrub. Conservation Biology 17(2):433-449.
Ratsirason J., Silander J.A.Jr. & Richard A.F. 1996. Conservation and management of a threatened Madagascar palm species, Neodypsis decary Jumelle. Conservation Biology 10(1):40-52.
Reed M.J, Mills L.S., Dunning Jr. J.B., Menges E.S., McKelvey K.S., Frye R., Bessinger S.R., Anstett M-C. & Miller P. 2002. Emerging issues in population viability analysis. Conservation Biology 16(1):7-19.
Schwartz M.W. 2003. Assessing population viability in long-lived plants. In Birgham C.A. & Schwartz M.W. (eds.) Population viability in plants. Ecological Studies (165):239-266. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Shaffer M.L. 1981. Minimum population size for species conservation. Bioscience 31(2):131-134.
Siebert F.S. 2001. Nutrient levels in rattan foliage and cane, and implications for harvesting. Biotropica 33(2): 361–363.
Silvertown J., Franco M. & Menges E. 1996. Interpretation of elasticity matrices as an aid to the management of plant populations for conservation. Conservation Biology 10(2):591-597.
Soehartono T. & Newton A.C. 2001. Conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria. 2. The impact of gaharu harvesting in Indonesia, Biological Conservation 97:29-41.
Stewart K.M. 2003. The African cherry (Prunus africana): Can lessons be learned from an over-exploited medicinal tree? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89:3–13.
Ticktin T. & Johns T. 2002. Chinanteco management of Aechmea magdalenae: implications for the use of TEK and TRM in management plans. Economic Botany 56(2): 177-191.
Ticktin T., Nantel P., Ramirez F. & Johns T. 2002. Effect of variation on harvest limits for nontimber forest species in Mexico. Conservation Biology 16(3): 691-705.
Ticktin T. 2004. The ecological implications of harvesting non-timber forest products. Journal of Applied Ecology 41(1):11-21.
Tuljapurkar S.D.1990. population dynamics in variable environments. Springer-Verlag, New York.
READINGS ON GENETIC DIVERSITY
Brown A.H.D. & Briggs J.D. 1991. Sampling strategies for genetic variation in ex situ collections of endangered plant species. In Falk D.A. & Holdinger K.E. (eds) Genetics and Conservation of rares plants. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp: 99-119
Chalmers K.J., Newton A.C., Waugh R., Wilson J.& Powell W. 1994. Evaluation of the extent of genetic variation in mahoganies (Meliaceae) using RAPD markers. Theoritical Applied Genetics 89:504-508
Crawford D.J., Ruiz E., Stuessy T.F., Tepe E., Aqeveque P., Gonzalez F., Jensen R.J., Anderson G.J., Bernardello G., Baeza C.M., Swenson U. & Mario Silva O. 2001. Allozyme diversity in endemic flowering plant species of the juan fernadez Archipelago, Chile: ecological and historical factors with implications for conservation. American Journal of Botany 88(12): 2195-2203
Cruzan, M. B. 1998. Genetic markers in plant evolutionary ecology. Ecology 79(2):400-412
Culley T.M., Wallace L.E., Gengler-Nowak K.M. & Crawford D.J. 2002. A comparison of two methods of calculating GST, a genetic measure of population differentiation. American Journal of Botany 89(3): 460-465
Dodd S.C. & Helenurm K. 2002. Genetic diversity in Delphinium variegatum (Ranuculaceae): a comparision of two insular endemic subsepcies and their widespread mainland relative. Amercian Journal of Botany 89(4): 613-622
Doyle J.J. & Doyle J.L. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11-15
Excoffier L., Smouse P. & Quattro J.M. 1992. Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplo-types: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics 131:479-491
Haig S.M. 1998. Molecular contribution to conservation. Ecology 79(2): 413-425
Hall P., Orrell L.C. & Bawa K.S. 1994. Genetic diversity and mating system in a tropical tree, Capara guianensis (Meliaceae). American Journal of Botany 81(9):1104-1111
Hamrick J.L. & Godt M.J.W. 1989. Allozyme diversity in plant species. In Brown A.H.D., Clegg M.T., Kahler A.L. & Weir B.S. (eds) Plant population genetics, breeding and genetic resources. Sinauer Associates Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. Pp: 43-63
Hamrick J.L., Godt M.J.W., Murawski D.A. & Loveless M.D. 1991. Correlation between species traits and allozyme diversity: implication for conservation biology. In Falk D.A. & Holdinger K.E. (eds) Genetics and Conservation of rares plants. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp: 75-81
Kwon J.A. & Morden C.W. 2002. Population genetic structure of two rare tree species (Colubrina oppositifolia and Alphitonia ponderosa, Rhamnaceae) from Hawaiian dry and messic forest using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Molecular Ecology 11:991-1001
Lande R.1988.Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460
Ledig T.F. 1992. Human impacts on genetic diversity in forest ecosystems. Oikos 63:87-108
Ledig T.F.,Vargas-Hernadez J.J. & Johnsen H.K. 1998. The conservation of forest genetic resources: Cases histories from Canada, Mexico and the United States. Journal of Forestry 96(1):31-41
Lee S.W., Ledig T.F. & Tohnson D.R. 2002. Genetic variation at allozyme and RAPD markers in Pinus longaeva (Pinaceae) of the White Mountains, California. American Journal of Botany 89 (4): 566-577
Lynch M. & Milligan B.G. 1994. Analaysis of population genetic structure with RAPD markers. Molecular Ecology 3: 91-99
Maki M. 2001. Genetic differenciation within and among island populations of the endangered plant Aster miyagii (Asteraceae), an endemic to the Ryukyu islands. American Journal of Botany 88(12) 2189-2194
Morden C.W. & Loeffler W. 1999. Fragmentation and genetic differentiation among subpopulations of the endangered Hawaiian mint Haplostachys haplostachya (Lamiaceae). Molecular Ecology 8:617-625.
Namkoong G., Boyle T., Gregorius H., Joly H., Savolainen O., Ratnam W. & Young A. 1996. Testing Criteria and Indicators for Assessing the Sustainability of Forest Management: Genetic Criteria and Indicators. Working Paper 10, CIFOR, Indonesia
Namkoong G. & Koshy M.P. 2001. Application of genetic markers to forest tree species. Draft report to IPGRI of the project ‘Developing decision-making strategies on priorities for conservation and use of forest genetic resources’. IPGRI, Rome, Italy
Nason J.D. & Hamrick J.L. 1997. Reproductive and genetic consequences of forest fragmentation: two case studies of Neotropical canopy trees. Journal of Heredity 88: 264-276
Nei M. 1973. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 70: 3321-3323
Nybom H. & Barthish I.V. 2000. Effect of life history traits and sampling strategies on genetic diversity estimates obtained with RAPD markers in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 3:93-114
Rajora O.P., Rahman M.H., Buchert G.P. & Dancik B.P. 2000. Microsatellite DNA analysis of genetic effects of harvesting in old-growth eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in Ontario, Canada. Molecular Ecology 9:339–348
Schaal B. A., Leverich W.J. & Rogstad S.H. 1991. A comparision of methods for assessing genetic variation in Plant Conservation Biology. In Falk D.A. & Holdinger K.E. (eds) Genetics and Conservation of rares plants. Oxford University Press, New York:123-134
Shaanker R.U., Ganeshaiah K.N. & Rao M.N. 2001. Genetic diversity of medicinal plants species in deciduous forest of South India: Impact of harvesting and other anthropogenic pressures. Journal of Plant Biology 28(1):91-97
Slatkin M. & Barton N.H. 1989. A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow. Evolution 43:1349-1368
Sokal R.R. & Oden N.L. 1978. Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 1. Methodology. Biological Journal of Linnean Society 10: 199-228
Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E., Tucker T.L. & Lang F.A. 1992. Allozyme variability is absent in the narrow endemic Bensoniella oregona (Saxifragaceae).Conservation Biology 6(1):131–134
Sun M. & Wong K.C. 2001. Genetic structure of three orchid species with contrasting breeding systems using RAPD and allozyme markers. American Journal of Botany 88(12): 2180-2188
Swofford D.L. & Selander R.B. 1989. BIOSYS-1: a computer program for analysis of allelic variation in population genetics and biochemical systematics, release 1.7. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA
Weekley C.W., Kubisiak T.L. & Race T.M. 2002. Genetic impoverishment and cross-incompatibility in remanant genotypes of Ziziphus celata (Rhamnaceae), a rare shrub endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida. Biodiversity and Conservation 11:2027-2046
Wendel J.F. & Weeden N.F. 1989. Visualisation and interpretation of plant isozyme. In Soltis D.E. & Soltis P.S. (eds) isozymes in plant biology. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon, USA. Pp: 5-45
Whelan R.J., Ayre J.D., England P.R., llorens T. & Beynon F. 2000. Ecology and genetics of Grevillea (Proteaceae): implications for conservation of fragmented populations. In Young A.G. & Clarke G.M. (eds) Genetics, demography and viability of fragmented populations. Cambridge University Press, UK. Pp:251-269
White G.M. & Boshier D.H. 2000. Fragmentation in Central American dry forests: genetic impacts on Switenia humilis (Meliaceae). In Young A.G. & Clarke G.M. (eds) Genetics, demography and viability of fragmented populations. Cambridge University Press, UK. Pp: 293-311
Williams J.G.K., Kuberlik A.R., Livak K.J., Rafalski J.A. & Tingey S.V. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are usefull as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 6531– 6535
Young A., Boyle T. & Brown T. 1996. The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends in ecology and Evolution 11: 413-418
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